Understanding Dark UX: The Impact of Deceptive Design

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1. 12 July 2026 · corrected by Melik Can Sariyer

   4 corrections applied: Luguri and Strahilevitz are at the University of Chicago and their study was published in 2021, not 2023. | It was an individual small-claims judgment to Teri Goldstein, not a class action paying $10,000 per plaintiff; 'Ames v. Microsoft' does not correspond to this matter. | Duolingo's 2021 IPO valued the company at roughly $3.7 billion (priced), not $2.4 billion. | The ~$348/year figure comes from consumer-survey research, not an FTC estimate.

   Before

   A 2023 study by researchers at the University of Michigan and MIT (Luguri and Strahilevitz) ... Microsoft eventually settled related class action litigation for $10,000 per plaintiff (Ames v. Microsoft) ... Duolingo reached 500 million users and a $2.4 billion IPO valuation ... The FTC has estimated (2021) that Americans spend approximately $348 per year on forgotten subscriptions

   After

   A 2021 study by researchers at the University of Chicago (Luguri and Strahilevitz) ... In one documented instance, a California woman (Teri Goldstein) was awarded roughly $10,000 in small-claims court in 2016 ... Duolingo reached 500 million users and a $3.7 billion IPO valuation ... Consumer-survey research has estimated (2021) that Americans spend approximately $348 per year on forgotten subscriptions

   Why: Verified all four corrections already applied correctly in article body. This article has no separate formal bibliography/references list to check. FAQ field contains none of the four unverified facts (study year/institution, Goldstein settlement framing, Duolingo valuation, or FTC attribution). No further changes needed.

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