The Placebo Effect: How Expectation Becomes Physiology

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1. 11 July 2026 · corrected by Emir Baycan

   3 corrections applied: Wager et al. 2004 (Science) was an fMRI/BOLD study, not PET measuring mu-opioid receptor binding (that was Zubieta 2005 / Wager 2007). | The 2004 Science study used fMRI, not PET, as the article's own reference title states. | The 2004 Science study was fMRI showing reduced pain-related activity; PET opioid-release evidence came from Zubieta 2005 / Wager 2007.

   Before

   Using positron emission tomography (PET) to track mu-opioid receptor binding... Wager 2004 (Science): PET Imaging of the Placebo Brain... Wager's 2004 Science paper provided the PET imaging evidence for...

   After

   Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to track brain activity in... Wager 2004 (Science): fMRI Imaging of the Placebo Brain... Wager's 2004 Science paper provided the fMRI evidence for placebo modulation of pain-related brain activity.

   Why: Corrected imaging-method error: the 2004 Wager Science study used fMRI, not PET; PET opioid-release evidence came from Zubieta 2005/Wager 2007. Verified already live in body content at all 3 locations; FAQ answer on placebo neurology also already correctly states fMRI.

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