The Dunning-Kruger Effect

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1. 12 July 2026 · corrected by Emir Baycan

   2 corrections applied: Wheeler's robberies are generally dated to April 19, 1995, not January 6, 1995 | 1999 paper's epigraph referenced Darwin, not a framework introduced by Russell; preserves the genuine Russell quote while removing the false attribution of their framework

   Before

   On January 6, 1995, a heavyset 45-year-old man named McArthur Wheeler walked into two Pittsburgh banks... The original Kruger and Dunning (1999) paper drew explicitly on a framework introduced by Bertrand Russell.

   After

   On April 19, 1995, a heavyset 45-year-old man named McArthur Wheeler walked into two Pittsburgh banks... The original Kruger and Dunning (1999) paper echoed an observation made by philosopher and logician Bertrand Russell, who wrote in 1933 that 'the fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt.' Verified body text is already correctly fixed for both the Wheeler date and the Russell attribution language; bibliography has no stale mentions. Note: FAQ was checked and found a separate, unrelated fabrication (the FAQ names the paper's authors as 'David Kruger and Justin Dunning', swapping the real first names, which should be Justin Kruger and David Dunning) - this is outside the scope of the two tracked corrections in this record and was left for a dedicated correction pass.

   Why: Both tracked corrections (Wheeler robbery date; Russell framework attribution) had already landed correctly in body text. No changes were required for the facts covered by this contribution.

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