Survivorship Bias: The Hidden Graveyard of Failed Evidence

What has been corrected on this page?

Every accepted correction to this page is recorded with the exact change, so readers can see how the page improved over time.

1. 12 July 2026 · corrected by Emir Baycan

   2 corrections applied: Correct author list for the 1991 Lancet publication-bias paper is Easterbrook, Berlin, Gopalan & Matthews. | Reference list: correct authors are Easterbrook, Berlin, Gopalan & Matthews.

   Before

   Easterbrook, Riedel, Hess, Nakayama, Califf, and Schulman (1991), in a study of research protocols... Reference: Easterbrook, P. J., Riedel, R., Hess, G., Nakayama, J. M., Califf, R. M., & Schulman, K. A. (1991).

   After

   Easterbrook, Berlin, Gopalan, and Matthews (1991), in a study of research protocols... Reference: Easterbrook, P. J., Berlin, J. A., Gopalan, R., & Matthews, D. R. (1991).

   Why: Verified live article content already contains the corrected Easterbrook, Berlin, Gopalan, and Matthews author list in both the body prose and the bibliography reference entry. Checked the FAQ JSON-LD schema field; it references 'Easterbrook et al. (1991)' generically without naming co-authors, so no secondary fabrication was present. No further action needed.

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